9 research outputs found

    The Relation between the Financial Market Development and Economic Growth in Jordan

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    The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between economic growth and financial market development in Jordan through the co-integration and error correction model between during the period 2000-2018. The study employs the error correction model to determine the short-run dynamics of the system and the cointegration test to examine the long-term relationship . The study is limited to a few variables, changes in real Gross domestic product GDP and the IMF indicator for financial market development . The results show that in the long-term there is a significant relationship between economic growth and financial market development for Jordan data., while in the short-term there is no statistically significant relationship between the stock market development and economic growth. Furthermore, causality is going from economic growth to financial market development, not vice versa. Keywords: Economic Growth, financial market development, Amman stock market, IMF indicator. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/10-14-12 Publication date:July 31st 202

    Deep Text Mining of Instagram Data Without Strong Supervision

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    With the advent of social media, our online feeds increasingly consist of short, informal, and unstructured text. This textual data can be analyzed for the purpose of improving user recommendations and detecting trends. Instagram is one of the largest social media platforms, containing both text and images. However, most of the prior research on text processing in social media is focused on analyzing Twitter data, and little attention has been paid to text mining of Instagram data. Moreover, many text mining methods rely on annotated training data, which in practice is both difficult and expensive to obtain. In this paper, we present methods for unsupervised mining of fashion attributes from Instagram text, which can enable a new kind of user recommendation in the fashion domain. In this context, we analyze a corpora of Instagram posts from the fashion domain, introduce a system for extracting fashion attributes from Instagram, and train a deep clothing classifier with weak supervision to classify Instagram posts based on the associated text. With our experiments, we confirm that word embeddings are a useful asset for information extraction. Experimental results show that information extraction using word embeddings outperforms a baseline that uses Levenshtein distance. The results also show the benefit of combining weak supervision signals using generative models instead of majority voting. Using weak supervision and generative modeling, an F1 score of 0.61 is achieved on the task of classifying the image contents of Instagram posts based solely on the associated text, which is on level with human performance. Finally, our empirical study provides one of the few available studies on Instagram text and shows that the text is noisy, that the text distribution exhibits the long-tail phenomenon, and that comment sections on Instagram are multi-lingual.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. Pre-print for paper to appear in conference proceedings for the Web Intelligence Conferenc

    Mining of User Profiles in Online Social Networks for Improved Personalized Recommendations

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    We have focused on influencer-based marketing in online social networks as a source of implicit learning about the preferences of social media users. Those users who use social networks on a daily basis are also the online shoppers who are confronted with huge information overload and a wide variety of online products and brands to choose from. The role of digital influencers in promoting products and spreading information to a large scale of followers who engage with the influencers’ posts and interact with them is our key to better understanding of these followers’ tastes and future purchase intentions. Hence, the analysis and the extraction of fine-grained details (which we refer to as user profiling) from digital influencers media content serves in collecting more information about the implicit preferences of their followers. With this knowledge, the chances of offering social media users better personalized services are enhanced. In this thesis, we empower cross-domain recommendations through the development of novel methods and algorithms for improving personalization through the effective mining of user profiles in online social networks. We developed a semantic information extraction framework from social media textual content that is able to capture fine-grained attributes with respect to the defined online shops taxonomy. Results form the aforementioned framework have been applied as input to the approaches we proposed to incorporate extracted textual hints in supporting the visual fine-grained classification of social media images in a dynamic way. Our methods have improved the classification accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, we suggested solutions for incorporating the extracted products’ meta-data in embedding-based personalized recommendation architectures where our strategies improved the recommendations’ quality. In order to speed up the process of preparing large scale social media images datasets for deep learning image analysis, we developed a complete framework for detailed annotation, object localization and semantic segmentation. As our focus is also directed towards the analysis of interactions between social media users, we proposed a neural reinforcement learning approach that is based on estimating the established trust levels between social media users for controlling the amount of recommended updates they get from each other. Moreover, we proposed enhanced topic modelling algorithm for supporting interpretable yet dynamic summarizations of large social media contents.Vi har fokuserat pĂ„ influenserbaserad marknadsföring i sociala nĂ€tverk online som en kĂ€lla till implicit lĂ€rande om sociala medianvĂ€ndares preferenser. De anvĂ€ndare som anvĂ€nder sociala nĂ€tverk dagligen Ă€r ocksĂ„ online-shoppare som stĂ„r inför enorm informationsöverbelastning och ett brett utbud av onlineprodukter och varumĂ€rken att vĂ€lja mellan. Rollen hos digitala influenser nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att marknadsföra produkter och sprida information till en stor skala av anhĂ€ngare som engagerar sig i influencers inlĂ€gg och interagerar med dem Ă€r vĂ„r nyckel till bĂ€ttre förstĂ„else för dessa anhĂ€ngares smak och framtida köpintentioner. Analysen och utvinningen av finkorniga detaljer (som vi kallar textit user profiling) frĂ„n medieinnehĂ„ll för digitala influenser tjĂ€nar dĂ€rför till att samla in mer information om deras implicita preferenser. Med denna kunskap tillĂ€mpad för att berika anvĂ€ndarprofiler för sociala medier förbĂ€ttras chanserna att erbjuda dem bĂ€ttre anpassade tjĂ€nster. I denna avhandling ger vi rekommendationer över grĂ€nserna genom utveckling av nya metoder och algoritmer för att förbĂ€ttra personalisering genom effektiv utvinning av anvĂ€ndarprofiler i sociala nĂ€tverk online. Vi utvecklade en semantisk ram för informationsextraktion frĂ„n textinnehĂ„ll i sociala medier som kan fĂ„nga finkorniga attribut med avseende pĂ„ den definierade onlinebutikens taxonomi. Resultat frĂ„n ovannĂ€mnda ramverk har anvĂ€nts som input till de tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt som vi föreslog för att införliva extraherade texttips för att stödja den visuella finkorniga klassificeringen av sociala mediebilder pĂ„ ett dynamiskt sĂ€tt. VĂ„ra metoder har förbĂ€ttrat klassificeringsnoggrannheten jĂ€mfört med toppmoderna metoder. Dessutom föreslog vi lösningar för att integrera de extraherade produkternas metadata i inbĂ€ddningsbaserade personliga rekommendationsarkitekturer dĂ€r vĂ„ra strategier förbĂ€ttrade rekommendationernas kvalitet. För att pĂ„skynda processen att förbereda storskaliga bildmĂ€ngder för sociala medier för djupinlĂ€rningsbildanalys utvecklade vi en komplett ram för detaljerad kommentar, objektlokalisering och semantisk segmentering. Eftersom vĂ„rt fokus ocksĂ„ riktas mot analysen av interaktioner mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier, föreslog vi en neurologisk förstĂ€rkningsinlĂ€rningsmetod som baseras pĂ„ att uppskatta de etablerade tillitsnivĂ„erna mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier för att kontrollera mĂ€ngden rekommenderade uppdateringar de fĂ„r frĂ„n varandra. Dessutom föreslog vi förbĂ€ttrad Ă€mnesmodelleringsalgoritm för att stödja tolkbara men dynamiska sammanfattningar av stora sociala medieinnehĂ„ll.QC 20201106</p

    Mining of User Profiles in Online Social Networks for Improved Personalized Recommendations

    No full text
    We have focused on influencer-based marketing in online social networks as a source of implicit learning about the preferences of social media users. Those users who use social networks on a daily basis are also the online shoppers who are confronted with huge information overload and a wide variety of online products and brands to choose from. The role of digital influencers in promoting products and spreading information to a large scale of followers who engage with the influencers’ posts and interact with them is our key to better understanding of these followers’ tastes and future purchase intentions. Hence, the analysis and the extraction of fine-grained details (which we refer to as user profiling) from digital influencers media content serves in collecting more information about the implicit preferences of their followers. With this knowledge, the chances of offering social media users better personalized services are enhanced. In this thesis, we empower cross-domain recommendations through the development of novel methods and algorithms for improving personalization through the effective mining of user profiles in online social networks. We developed a semantic information extraction framework from social media textual content that is able to capture fine-grained attributes with respect to the defined online shops taxonomy. Results form the aforementioned framework have been applied as input to the approaches we proposed to incorporate extracted textual hints in supporting the visual fine-grained classification of social media images in a dynamic way. Our methods have improved the classification accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, we suggested solutions for incorporating the extracted products’ meta-data in embedding-based personalized recommendation architectures where our strategies improved the recommendations’ quality. In order to speed up the process of preparing large scale social media images datasets for deep learning image analysis, we developed a complete framework for detailed annotation, object localization and semantic segmentation. As our focus is also directed towards the analysis of interactions between social media users, we proposed a neural reinforcement learning approach that is based on estimating the established trust levels between social media users for controlling the amount of recommended updates they get from each other. Moreover, we proposed enhanced topic modelling algorithm for supporting interpretable yet dynamic summarizations of large social media contents.Vi har fokuserat pĂ„ influenserbaserad marknadsföring i sociala nĂ€tverk online som en kĂ€lla till implicit lĂ€rande om sociala medianvĂ€ndares preferenser. De anvĂ€ndare som anvĂ€nder sociala nĂ€tverk dagligen Ă€r ocksĂ„ online-shoppare som stĂ„r inför enorm informationsöverbelastning och ett brett utbud av onlineprodukter och varumĂ€rken att vĂ€lja mellan. Rollen hos digitala influenser nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att marknadsföra produkter och sprida information till en stor skala av anhĂ€ngare som engagerar sig i influencers inlĂ€gg och interagerar med dem Ă€r vĂ„r nyckel till bĂ€ttre förstĂ„else för dessa anhĂ€ngares smak och framtida köpintentioner. Analysen och utvinningen av finkorniga detaljer (som vi kallar textit user profiling) frĂ„n medieinnehĂ„ll för digitala influenser tjĂ€nar dĂ€rför till att samla in mer information om deras implicita preferenser. Med denna kunskap tillĂ€mpad för att berika anvĂ€ndarprofiler för sociala medier förbĂ€ttras chanserna att erbjuda dem bĂ€ttre anpassade tjĂ€nster. I denna avhandling ger vi rekommendationer över grĂ€nserna genom utveckling av nya metoder och algoritmer för att förbĂ€ttra personalisering genom effektiv utvinning av anvĂ€ndarprofiler i sociala nĂ€tverk online. Vi utvecklade en semantisk ram för informationsextraktion frĂ„n textinnehĂ„ll i sociala medier som kan fĂ„nga finkorniga attribut med avseende pĂ„ den definierade onlinebutikens taxonomi. Resultat frĂ„n ovannĂ€mnda ramverk har anvĂ€nts som input till de tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt som vi föreslog för att införliva extraherade texttips för att stödja den visuella finkorniga klassificeringen av sociala mediebilder pĂ„ ett dynamiskt sĂ€tt. VĂ„ra metoder har förbĂ€ttrat klassificeringsnoggrannheten jĂ€mfört med toppmoderna metoder. Dessutom föreslog vi lösningar för att integrera de extraherade produkternas metadata i inbĂ€ddningsbaserade personliga rekommendationsarkitekturer dĂ€r vĂ„ra strategier förbĂ€ttrade rekommendationernas kvalitet. För att pĂ„skynda processen att förbereda storskaliga bildmĂ€ngder för sociala medier för djupinlĂ€rningsbildanalys utvecklade vi en komplett ram för detaljerad kommentar, objektlokalisering och semantisk segmentering. Eftersom vĂ„rt fokus ocksĂ„ riktas mot analysen av interaktioner mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier, föreslog vi en neurologisk förstĂ€rkningsinlĂ€rningsmetod som baseras pĂ„ att uppskatta de etablerade tillitsnivĂ„erna mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier för att kontrollera mĂ€ngden rekommenderade uppdateringar de fĂ„r frĂ„n varandra. Dessutom föreslog vi förbĂ€ttrad Ă€mnesmodelleringsalgoritm för att stödja tolkbara men dynamiska sammanfattningar av stora sociala medieinnehĂ„ll.QC 20201106</p

    Mining of User Profiles in Online Social Networks for Improved Personalized Recommendations

    No full text
    We have focused on influencer-based marketing in online social networks as a source of implicit learning about the preferences of social media users. Those users who use social networks on a daily basis are also the online shoppers who are confronted with huge information overload and a wide variety of online products and brands to choose from. The role of digital influencers in promoting products and spreading information to a large scale of followers who engage with the influencers’ posts and interact with them is our key to better understanding of these followers’ tastes and future purchase intentions. Hence, the analysis and the extraction of fine-grained details (which we refer to as user profiling) from digital influencers media content serves in collecting more information about the implicit preferences of their followers. With this knowledge, the chances of offering social media users better personalized services are enhanced. In this thesis, we empower cross-domain recommendations through the development of novel methods and algorithms for improving personalization through the effective mining of user profiles in online social networks. We developed a semantic information extraction framework from social media textual content that is able to capture fine-grained attributes with respect to the defined online shops taxonomy. Results form the aforementioned framework have been applied as input to the approaches we proposed to incorporate extracted textual hints in supporting the visual fine-grained classification of social media images in a dynamic way. Our methods have improved the classification accuracy when compared to state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, we suggested solutions for incorporating the extracted products’ meta-data in embedding-based personalized recommendation architectures where our strategies improved the recommendations’ quality. In order to speed up the process of preparing large scale social media images datasets for deep learning image analysis, we developed a complete framework for detailed annotation, object localization and semantic segmentation. As our focus is also directed towards the analysis of interactions between social media users, we proposed a neural reinforcement learning approach that is based on estimating the established trust levels between social media users for controlling the amount of recommended updates they get from each other. Moreover, we proposed enhanced topic modelling algorithm for supporting interpretable yet dynamic summarizations of large social media contents.Vi har fokuserat pĂ„ influenserbaserad marknadsföring i sociala nĂ€tverk online som en kĂ€lla till implicit lĂ€rande om sociala medianvĂ€ndares preferenser. De anvĂ€ndare som anvĂ€nder sociala nĂ€tverk dagligen Ă€r ocksĂ„ online-shoppare som stĂ„r inför enorm informationsöverbelastning och ett brett utbud av onlineprodukter och varumĂ€rken att vĂ€lja mellan. Rollen hos digitala influenser nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att marknadsföra produkter och sprida information till en stor skala av anhĂ€ngare som engagerar sig i influencers inlĂ€gg och interagerar med dem Ă€r vĂ„r nyckel till bĂ€ttre förstĂ„else för dessa anhĂ€ngares smak och framtida köpintentioner. Analysen och utvinningen av finkorniga detaljer (som vi kallar textit user profiling) frĂ„n medieinnehĂ„ll för digitala influenser tjĂ€nar dĂ€rför till att samla in mer information om deras implicita preferenser. Med denna kunskap tillĂ€mpad för att berika anvĂ€ndarprofiler för sociala medier förbĂ€ttras chanserna att erbjuda dem bĂ€ttre anpassade tjĂ€nster. I denna avhandling ger vi rekommendationer över grĂ€nserna genom utveckling av nya metoder och algoritmer för att förbĂ€ttra personalisering genom effektiv utvinning av anvĂ€ndarprofiler i sociala nĂ€tverk online. Vi utvecklade en semantisk ram för informationsextraktion frĂ„n textinnehĂ„ll i sociala medier som kan fĂ„nga finkorniga attribut med avseende pĂ„ den definierade onlinebutikens taxonomi. Resultat frĂ„n ovannĂ€mnda ramverk har anvĂ€nts som input till de tillvĂ€gagĂ„ngssĂ€tt som vi föreslog för att införliva extraherade texttips för att stödja den visuella finkorniga klassificeringen av sociala mediebilder pĂ„ ett dynamiskt sĂ€tt. VĂ„ra metoder har förbĂ€ttrat klassificeringsnoggrannheten jĂ€mfört med toppmoderna metoder. Dessutom föreslog vi lösningar för att integrera de extraherade produkternas metadata i inbĂ€ddningsbaserade personliga rekommendationsarkitekturer dĂ€r vĂ„ra strategier förbĂ€ttrade rekommendationernas kvalitet. För att pĂ„skynda processen att förbereda storskaliga bildmĂ€ngder för sociala medier för djupinlĂ€rningsbildanalys utvecklade vi en komplett ram för detaljerad kommentar, objektlokalisering och semantisk segmentering. Eftersom vĂ„rt fokus ocksĂ„ riktas mot analysen av interaktioner mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier, föreslog vi en neurologisk förstĂ€rkningsinlĂ€rningsmetod som baseras pĂ„ att uppskatta de etablerade tillitsnivĂ„erna mellan anvĂ€ndare av sociala medier för att kontrollera mĂ€ngden rekommenderade uppdateringar de fĂ„r frĂ„n varandra. Dessutom föreslog vi förbĂ€ttrad Ă€mnesmodelleringsalgoritm för att stödja tolkbara men dynamiska sammanfattningar av stora sociala medieinnehĂ„ll.QC 20201106</p

    OLLDA: Dynamic and Scalable Topic Modelling for Twitter : AN ONLINE SUPERVISED LATENT DIRICHLET ALLOCATION ALGORITHM

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    Providing high quality of topics inference in today's large and dynamic corpora, such as Twitter, is a challenging task. This is especially challenging taking into account that the content in this environment contains short texts and many abbreviations. This project proposes an improvement of a popular online topics modelling algorithm for Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), by incorporating supervision to make it suitable for Twitter context. This improvement is motivated by the need for a single algorithm that achieves both objectives: analyzing huge amounts of documents, including new documents arriving in a stream, and, at the same time, achieving high quality of topics’ detection in special case environments, such as Twitter. The proposed algorithm is a combination of an online algorithm for LDA and a supervised variant of LDA - labeled LDA. The performance and quality of the proposed algorithm is compared with these two algorithms. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has shown better performance and quality when compared to the supervised variant of LDA, and it achieved better results in terms of quality in comparison to the online algorithm. These improvements make our algorithm an attractive option when applied to dynamic environments, like Twitter. An environment for analyzing and labelling data is designed to prepare the dataset before executing the experiments. Possible application areas for the proposed algorithm are tweets recommendation and trends detection.TillhandahĂ„lla högkvalitativa Ă€mnen slutsats i dagens stora och dynamiska korpusar, sĂ„som Twitter, Ă€r en utmanande uppgift. Detta Ă€r sĂ€rskilt utmanande med tanke pĂ„ att innehĂ„llet i den hĂ€r miljön innehĂ„ller korta texter och mĂ„nga förkortningar. Projektet föreslĂ„r en förbĂ€ttring med en populĂ€r online Ă€mnen modellering algoritm för Latent Dirichlet Tilldelning (LDA), genom att införliva tillsyn för att göra den lĂ€mplig för Twitter sammanhang. Denna förbĂ€ttring motiveras av behovet av en enda algoritm som uppnĂ„r bĂ„da mĂ„len: analysera stora mĂ€ngder av dokument, inklusive nya dokument som anlĂ€nder i en bĂ€ck, och samtidigt uppnĂ„ hög kvalitet pĂ„ Ă€mnen "upptĂ€ckt i speciella fall miljöer, till exempel som Twitter. Den föreslagna algoritmen Ă€r en kombination av en online-algoritm för LDA och en övervakad variant av LDA - Labeled LDA. Prestanda och kvalitet av den föreslagna algoritmen jĂ€mförs med dessa tvĂ„ algoritmer. Resultaten visar att den föreslagna algoritmen har visat bĂ€ttre prestanda och kvalitet i jĂ€mförelse med den övervakade varianten av LDA, och det uppnĂ„dde bĂ€ttre resultat i frĂ„ga om kvalitet i jĂ€mförelse med den online-algoritmen. Dessa förbĂ€ttringar gör vĂ„r algoritm till ett attraktivt alternativ nĂ€r de tillĂ€mpas pĂ„ dynamiska miljöer, som Twitter. En miljö för att analysera och mĂ€rkning uppgifter Ă€r utformad för att förbereda dataset innan du utför experimenten. Möjliga anvĂ€ndningsomrĂ„den för den föreslagna algoritmen Ă€r tweets rekommendation och trender upptĂ€ckt

    Trust and privacy correlations in social networks: A deep learning framework

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    Online Social Networks (OSNs) remain the focal point of Internet usage. Since the beginning, networking sites tried best to have right privacy mechanisms in place for users, enabling them to share the right content with the right audience. With all these efforts, privacy customizations remain hard for users across the sites. Existing research that address this problem mainly focus on semi-supervised strategies that introduce extra complexity by requiring the user to manually specify initial privacy preferences for their friends. In this work, we suggest an adaptive solution that can dynamically generate privacy labels for users in OSNs. To this end, we introduce a deep reinforcement learning framework that targets two key problems in OSNs like Facebook: the exposure of users' interactions through the network to less trusted direct friends, and the possibility of propagating user updates through direct friends' interactions to indirect friends. By implementing this framework, we aim at understanding how social trust and privacy could be correlated, specifically in a dynamic fashion. We report the ranked dependence between the generated privacy labels and the estimated user trust values, which indicate the ability of the framework to identify the highly trusted users and share with them higher percentages of data

    Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Essential Oils of <i>Rosmarinus officinalis</i> from five Different Sites in Palestine

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    The chemical profiles of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils, collected from five distinct geographical regions in Palestine, were determined using GC-MS. The major phytochemical classes of R. officinalis EOs were monoterpene hydrocarbon (24.81–78.75%) and oxygenated monoterpenoids (19.01–73.78%), with 1,8-cineole (4.81–37.83%), α-pinene (13.07–51.36%), and camphor (11.95–24.30%) being the most abundant components of the studied oils. Using the DPPH assay, the antioxidant activity of EOs revealed that EO from the Jenin region had the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 10.23 ± 0.11 ”g/mL, followed by samples from Tulkarm (IC50 = 37.15 ± 2.3 ”g/mL) and Nablus (IC50= 38.9 ± 0.45 ”g/mL). With MICs of 12.5, 12.5, 6.25, 6.25, and 6.25 ”g/mL against MRSA, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumonia, and P. vulgaris, respectively, the EO extracted from the Jenin region of Palestine had the greatest antibacterial activity. Furthermore, EOs from Jenin and Nablus demonstrated stronger anti-candida action than the pharmaceutical formulation Fluconazole, with MICs of 0.781, 0.781, and 1.56 ”g/mL, respectively

    Management outcome(s) in eyes with retinoblastoma previously inadequately treated with systemic chemotherapy alone without focal therapy

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    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of management in eyes with intraocular retinoblastoma (RB) that had received inadequate initial therapy (chemotherapy without focal therapy) before eventually receiving necessary consolidation therapy at a tertiary referral center. METHODS: A retrospective observational case series of 30 eyes from 26 RB patients who had initially received systemic chemotherapy as a sole therapy. The main outcome measures were demographics, laterality, International Classification of RB (ICRB), treatments, tumor control, and survival. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 24 months and the median delay between time at diagnosis and time at referral to a tertiary center that has adequate focal therapy for RB was 9.5 months (range 5–20 months). Sixteen (62%) patients were monocular from enucleation of the contralateral eye. Features of ICRB Group A tumors were seen in 3 (10%) eyes, Group B in 7 (23%) eyes, Group C in 2 (7%) eyes, Group D in 16 (53%) eyes, and Group E in 2 (7%) eyes. Eighteen (69%) patients required more systemic chemotherapy (median, 4.4 cycles; range, 2–8 cycles), and 8 (26%) eyes received local chemotherapy (subtenon, intravitreal, or intra-arterial). All treated eyes received consolidation therapy as transpupillary thermotherapy and/or cryotherapy. Radioactive plaque therapy was used in 1 (3%) eye and external beam radiation therapy in 3 (10%) eyes. At a mean follow-up of 13 months (median, 11.5 months; range, 9–27 months), enucleation was avoided in 25 (83%) eyes. Two (7%) eyes were enucleated initially, and 3 (10%) were enucleated after failure of additional therapy. Twenty-three (77%) eyes did not show any viable tumor after a median of 11.5 months of follow-up after the last treatment, and 2 (7%) eyes still have residual tumor recurrences that need more consolidation focal therapy. CONCLUSION: Chemotherapy alone cannot eradicate RB cells in effected eyes without combination with consolidation therapy by a multidisciplinary team to salvage the affected eye as well as its vision. Nonetheless, chemotherapy can be initiated (to keep the tumor at a less invasive stage) for patients from centers or countries where combination therapy is not available until they gain access to adequate management of RB
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